Aircraft Maintenance The Cause And Effect - 964 Words

Aircraft Maintenance: The Cause Effect Negligence of aircraft mechanics not being trained with the importance of safety causes damage to aircraft, and injury, which has the effects of aircraft crashes and death. Aircraft maintenance is typically demanding, and requires swift action in a short amount of time. This skill however doesn’t come without its risks. Time pressures and mission requirements put pressure on the mechanic, which can cause short cuts, lack of motivation, fatigue and stress. Understanding all that goes into being able to perform aircraft maintenance is already all laid out for the technician, what happens from there is all up to that individual. Most technicians are supplied with specialty tools, technical data books which include a detailed step by step instruction on how to perform a task, and personal protective gear such as gloves, hearing protection, eye protection, safety boots, etc. All of these items are mandatory, and without aircraft maintenance could not be completed. Once the technician has all the required items necessary to perform this routine maintenance, now we need to break down how accidents happen. For majority of the mishaps, â€Å"human factors are the largest contributor to aircraft accidents† (When Poor Aircraft Maintenance Costs Lives). The technician ultimately has control for what happens to that aircraft when it’s in their possession. Factors such as lack of sleep, inattentiveness, reckless behavior, and fatigue all are aShow MoreRelatedMechanical And Structural Factors Of An Aircraft1422 Words   |  6 PagesAircrafts are and always have been a great mode of transportation and come with many clear advantages over many other forms of transportation . This in turn may be one of the main causes of their popularity and success over the years. Aircrafts are used commercially, Privately and they even have military applications. Aircrafts have always been an iconic sign of freedom. Even in the media and in commercial advertisements an airplane can be a symbolic tool used to instill security, freedom and luxuryRead MoreTraining Flying Imparted At Army Aviation School1427 Words   |  6 PagesArmy Aviation. Officers aspiring to become Aviators go through a professionally challenging basic Aviation course at Army Aviation School. The basic flying is conducted on MFI-17 (Mushshak Aircraft), which is a small two seater fixed wing monoplane. It is a rugged, versatile, and a very good basic trainer ai rcraft which bears the brunt of all the follies of an ab-initio Aviation student, including but not limited to hard landings, bumpy rides, touching engine limitations in hot weather, and excessiveRead MoreThe National Transportation Safety Board860 Words   |  4 Pages The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation into an aircraft accident on April 28, 1988, a Boeing 737-200, N73711, operated by Aloha Airlines Inc., as flight 243, exhibited signs of human error. â€Å"The aircraft experienced an explosive decompression and structural failure while flying from Hilo to Honolulu, Hawaii. Approximately 18 feet from the cabin skin and structure aft of the cabin entrance door and above the passenger floor line separated from the airplane during flight (NationalRead MoreSafety of an Aircraft1300 Words   |  5 PagesThe landing gear is a fundamental component for the operation of an aircraft and for the safety of its crew/passengers. The aircraft relies heavily on the structural integrity of the landing gear to take off and land without failure. For military aircraft such as the Boeing F/A-18A/B Hornet, it becomes paramount not only as a safety factor for the pilot, but as a frontline defender for the Nation, that the operation is not inhibited in times of war. There are many factors that can be detrimentalRead MoreCase Study : Alaskan Airlines Flight 2611552 Words   |  7 PagesSafety Board determined: That the probable cause of this accident was a loss of airplane pitch control resulting from the in-flight failure of the horizontal stabilizer trim system jackscrew assembly s acme nut threads. The thread failure was caused by excessive wear resulting from Alaska Airlines insufficient lubrication of the jackscrew assembly (NTSB, 2002). The maintenance procedure for greasing the nut on the jackscrew requires the aircraft maintenance technician to grease the fitting untilRead MoreA Report On The Dirty Dozen1555 Words   |  7 Pageshuman factors, maintenance errors that create aircraft accidents, and how to mitigate those risk. Figure 2 lists â€Å"The Dirty Dozen†. †¢ Lack of Communication – AMTs must communicate to each other what tasks have and have not been completed during shift changes. Never assume the work has been completed. †¢ Lack of Team Work – AMTs must leave their differences at the door. Without team work a breakdown in communication occurs including, sharing knowledge, coordinating maintenance tasks, and debriefingRead MoreThe Problem With Ageing Aircraft1411 Words   |  6 Pageslarge magnitude of life in such short space and time that it grabs the world’s attention[2]. It is a widely accepted notion that aged aircraft are a risk, but to consider them to be an unacceptable risk is a multifaceted question, since the majority of the party that are involved with it disagree[3]. With that said, it is observed that the problem with ageing aircraft starts as early as defining it. For example, according to the Federal aviation administration (FAA), ageing starts from 15 chronologicalRead MoreEnviromental Impact Of Aviation. B Tech Aerospace1585 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION-The things which can fly like airplanes, blimps, helicopters etc. comes under aviation. All the aviation evolves combustion which produces carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, water vapour and other greenhouse gases in the environment which is cause to climate change and global warming. Aviation has a large impact on climate system. It presently accounts for 4-9% of the total climate change impact of human activity.it produces noise which also affects the environment. Here is as a schematic diagramRead MoreMission Statement : Training, Art And Reservist Proficiency1103 Words   |  5 Pagesof military operations and to create an environment where the 94th AW its Mission Partners thrive! Vision Statement: To be the world’s elite maintenance group across the entire spectrum of aircraft maintenance operations, attract, grow, and retain the best. Discovery: During the past year, it was noted that maintenance was having a severe trend in failed inspections due to miscommunication between the (Air Reserve Technicians) and traditional reservists. To counter theseRead MoreMterials Used for Turbine Blades in Jet Engines729 Words   |  3 Pagesconsider the effects of maintenance fluids that might come into contact with blades such as ethylene glycol used to de-ice airplanes and Skydrol a hydraulic fluid (otherwise known in the aircraft industry as fluid susceptibility). Materials are also subjected to scrutiny for expected service life, routine maintenance requirements (maintenance schedule RTCA DO-160 is an environmental test procedure used by the aircraft industry to define the minimum environmental requirements aircraft components

Augustines Doctrine Of Fall - 2007 Words

Augustine is first and foremost a Christian theologian, and in City of God he forms a narrative which links human nature to political authority, initially as a response to criticism of Christianity as the cause of the fall of Rome. In order to comprehensively explore the relationship that Augustine understands exists between human nature and political authority, one must first begin by individually defining human nature as Augustine himself interpreted it and the version of political authority he thereby proposed. In this process, inadequacies and contradictions in Augustine’s thinking surface and it becomes apparent that much of his own system of belief is misled. Nonetheless, Christianity’s continued existence and influence over two millennia marks the significance of any thinker whose religious beliefs and teachings were the driving force behind their political thought. Augustine’s Doctrine of Fall is key to any appreciation of his ideas surrounding human nature and, latterly, of political authority. It says that the fall from grace, the result of Adam exercising his free will and capacity to sin (Augustine, 1467, p.1089), is man’s defining feature. Man was originally all good but human nature has been fundamentally broken by the fall and the inheritance of original sin: as such, no man can be born without sin. This first occurrence of evil – and all future manifestations – can be traced back to what Augustine regards as our key flaw: â€Å"could anything but pride have beenShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1670 Words   |  7 PagesSince the Nicene Council church patriarchs and theologians have toiled to communicate the principle of the Trinity as a doctrine in the Christian church. Our class readings from Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Karl Barth, and Elizabeth Tanner reveal the necessity for discussion about th e trinity to evolve throughout the last 1500 years of Christian theology in order for the doctrine to be modernized to the lexical and social understanding of contemporary Christians. Although Augustine may be one of theRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Original Sin1537 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginal sin and hamartiology, Augustine is the fountainhead, for both Protestant and Roman Catholic’s; however, he was not the originator of the doctrine. Depicting humankind’s solidarity with Adam preceded the teaching of Augustine, but none discussed humanity’s willful complicity in Adam’s sin as vividly and thoroughly. Imperative to understanding the doctrine of original sin is establishing the distinction between evil and sin, being cognizant not to conflate the two. Postulating the difference,Read MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1600 Words   |  7 Pages Augustine and the Trinity Introduction The doctrine of the Trinity is often viewed as an archaic and abstract theory many churches and theological study programs settled on long ago, and therefore, has little relevance to modern Christian faith. Over the past fifteen centuries, the doctrine of the Trinity has played a peripheral role in Christian theology. Formulated in Nicea (325 C.E.) and later revised in Constantinople (381 C.E.), it has been generally accepted by most Christians. However, thisRead MoreTaking a Look at the Original Sin1159 Words   |  5 Pagesopposite and opposing doctrines that were bound to class. This inevitable debate finally occurred in what is known as the Pelagius Controversy. â€Å"The controversy centered around the question of the relationship between God and humanity respecting the doctrines of free will, sin, and grace† (Nassif 289). This argument between Augustine and Pelagius gave Augustine the opportunity to more deeply explain his doctrine and what he believed. This debate is the headstone to the doctrine of Original Sin. PelagiusRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Original Sin2199 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION The doctrine of original sin refers to in Christian doctrine, â€Å"the condition or state of sin in which each human is born; also the origin of this state.† It is often viewed as one of the most difficult parts of Christian theology. The idea that Adam’s sin was imputed to the whole human race and that we are personally implicated with Adam, is a good example of a doctrine that has generated a great deal of debate. Some theologians go as far as to view the doctrine of original sin as ‘offensive’Read MoreSt. Augustines Conversion to Christianity Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesSt. Augustines Conversion to Christianity Aurelius Augustinius, St. Augustine, was born in 354 A.D. in Tagaste, a town in North Africa. Born just over a century before the fall of Rome, Augustine would live his entire life within the Roman empire. Augustine was a great Christian thinker and wrote numerous works which survive today, and offer us a vivid glimpse into the period. His works and thoughts on Christ, the nature of God, the role of the Church, and myriad other topics, shaped muchRead MoreThe Early Days of the Christian Church: Sin and Salvation1284 Words   |  5 Pagesestablish doctrine on the nature of God and, Christ a controversy arose concerning human nature. The controversy started in the 5th century when Pelagius a British spiritual director heard a bishop quote from Augustine’s Confessions. The quote stated, â€Å"Grant what you command and command what you will†. Pelagius believed the quote allowed humans to avoid taking responsibility for choosing to sin. Pelagius’ views o n the nature of sin and grace not only conflicted with Augustine’s views butRead MoreCritically Discuss Augustines Distinction Between Just and Unjust Wars1154 Words   |  5 Pagessince the Fall the soul has been tainted and is thus incapable of achieving goodness. While Augustine was fundamentally against war as he believed it was sinful, he recognised that sometimes there were just wars that could be fought under Gods jurisdiction to obtain a just peace. This essay will examine the criteria that Augustine set about for a Just war and whether his doctrine does indeed encompass justice. Adam and Eves expulsion from the Garden of Eden, and their subsequent fall from graceRead MoreAugustine Confessions Essay771 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Sarah Kaldas Humanities I Dr. Borucki May 5 2014 Augustine’s Confessions Augustine’s Confessions is a diverse blend of autobiographical accounts as well as philosophical, theological and critical analysis of the Christian Bible. Augustine treats his autobiography as an opportunity to recount his life and mentions how each event in his life has a religious and philosophical explanation. Augustine had many major events happen in his life but only 3 events would deem of extreme importance to hisRead MoreEssay on A Review of Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo1539 Words   |  7 Pagespreface before the work, and, after the work, a seventeen-page bibliography, and ten-page index.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brown’s book is organized, like any scholarly biography, chronologically according to Augustine’s life.   It is separated into five parts, each corresponding to significant portions of Augustine’s life:   his pagan life, his conversion, his actions against the Donatists, his actions against Pelagians, and his final legacy and death.   Each part opens with a chronological table of events both

Strategy To Achieve New Target Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The UK authorities late announced its ambitious renewable energy program which includes supplying 75 of the entire UK electricity supply through renewable energy beginnings. In line with its new mark on the renewable energy development, I strongly believe as the main executive of ‘Edinburgh Renewables ‘ ( ER ) that our legion experiences on air current farm undertakings will lend to accomplishing the given mark successfully. As such, this study will demo the authorities ‘s new renewable development program in 2025 and sketch an action program for ER to present 30 % of the new mark capacity. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy To Achieve New Target Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In add-on the study will analyze whether authorities part can assist ER towards accomplishing the given mark. Finally, steps to work out the intermittence of the air current resource will be recommended. 2. Renewable Energy Development Target Based on the authorities ‘s new renewable energy policy, ER has set up a new mark that aims to bring forth 30 % of the authorities ‘s new renewable mark capacity in 2025 ( 75 % of the entire electricity supply ) . This will be attained through using new coevals of offshore air current farms under our direction. The inside informations of the new marks on renewable energy development are outlined as follows: i Government Target in 2025 i Total Electricity Demand in 2025: 450TWh i Electricity Supply From Renewable Energy: 338TWh ( 75 % of entire demand ) i ER Target in 2025 i 30 % of Renewable Energy Development Target i 102TWh ( Energy Production ) / 33GW ( Installed Capacity ) i Offshore air current farms ( Capacity Factor = 35 % ) Demand Forecast A ; Total Installed Capacity The entire electricity demand to put up the mark is forecasted to make 450TWh in 2025 by utilizing the same premise used for the Public Interest Research Centre prognosis by 2050. [ 1 ] Based on the new authorities policy, 75 % of electricity energy demand at 338TWH would be provided by renewable energy beginnings. ER will supply 30 % of the mark through the offshore air current farms development which would hold entire installed capacity of 33GW by 2025. The inside informations are described in Annex-1. Why Offshore Wind Farms? ER chose to intensively concentrate on offshore air current farms development, given higher prospective potency, higher capacity and higher cost decrease outlook of offshore air current engineering. In add-on, higher mean air current velocity, lower turbulency every bit good as less restraint on turn uping the site finally increases the deployment of offshore air current farms in the long footings when compared to onshore air current farms options. [ 1 ] Despite higher capital costs of the offshore air current farms undertaking, higher capacity factors can countervail this to some extent. [ 4 ] Additionally, the analysis in Renewable Energy Roadmap 2020, shows that cost of offshore wind engineering can be significantly reduced compared with other renewable engineerings by developing supply ironss and advanced engineerings. [ 2 ] Capacity Factor The capacity factor varies depending on the mean average air current velocity of geographical location and air current turbine features [ 4, 5 ] but sing future engineering development and operational experience accretion, the capacity factor of 35 % which was assumed in Renewables Advisory Board ‘s 2020 Vision was applied. [ 1 ] 3. Action Plan by 2025 The action program for 2025 was divided into two stages. This action was chosen in order to ease the accomplishment of the new mark in 2025. During the first stage ( 2013 to 2020 ) ER plans to take part and put in developing some of the offshore air current farm undertakings under Round 2 Extension, Round 3 Program and Scottish Territorial Waters Program of The Crown Estate. [ 6 ] This attack non merely leads to finishing the assorted undertakings on clip as planned, but it is besides expected to excite other seaward undertakings in the long term through continuously developing the advanced engineerings needed to cut down undertaking costs. Furthermore, based on undertaking experiences of the first stage, during the 2nd stage ( 2015 to 2020 ) ER will rush up developing new undertakings with larger capacity that can enable us to accomplish the concluding end in 2025. i 1st Phase ( 2013 ~ 2020 ) i Action Plan: Accelerate the planned offshore air current farms undertakings and develop advanced engineering to cut down the undertaking cost i Total Target Capacity: 14GW i Site: Entire 13 sites i Total Seabed Area: 3,986km2 [ 6 ] i 2nd Phase ( 2015 ~ 2025 ) i Action Plan: Develop the big graduated table offshore air current farms to accomplish the mark in 2025 i Total Target Capacity: 19GW i Site: Feasible sites among the Crown Estate Round 3 Zones ( determined by site study ) i Total Estimated Seabed Area: 1,691 ~ 3,193km2 Entire Seabed Area The entire seabed country required for both the 1st stage and 2nd stage of the program is estimated at 7,179 km2 which is about a ten percent of the size of Scotland. Harmonizing to the Crown Estate, entire seabed country of the 1st stage of the program is about 3,986km2. [ 6 ] On the other manus, entire undertaking country of the 2nd stage of the program varies depending on different air current turbine array. Given 5D by 10D turbine array [ 8 ] with a turbine rotor diameter of 164m [ 14 ] , the estimated site country for the 2nd stage is 3,193km2. However, based on the optimum air current turbine array examined by Christie [ 9 ] , the entire country for 2nd stage can be reduced to 1,691km2. The elaborate execution agenda and appraisal of the needed seabed country are described in the Annex-2. 4. Necessary Financial Support and Investment of Public Money [ 2 ] Due to the higher capacity factor and high prospective potency in UK, offshore wind engineering is expected to be the individual biggest part to renewable energy coevals for energy security and decarbonisation in the hereafter. [ 1, 3 ] However, sing that offshore air current engineerings are at the beginning of the commercial deployment phase, the current capital cost remains about twice expensive than cost of onshore air current engineerings. [ 4 ] Therefore, the uninterrupted authorities fiscal support and investing are important for the successful execution of our action program. The necessary supports chiefly include fiscal support to cut down undertaking cost and to minimise investing hazard. Furthermore, the authorities investing in seaward air current farm undertakings and grid betterment undertakings is necessary to accomplish the ER mark in 2025. i Financial support to cut down cost of offshore air current engineerings i Supporting R A ; D and Testing Facilities to develop cost effectual engineerings ( i.e. EMEC ) i Developing supply concatenation of the equipment and building ( i.e. National Renewables Infrastructure Fund ) i Financial support to minimise investing hazard i Supplying a stable and long term fiscal support mechanism to procure fundss for the offshore air current development ( i.e. ROCs, New Electricity Market Support Mechanism ) [ 18 ] i Direct investing from public fund i Taking an active function of the authorities in direct funding sing the ample needed loaning ( i.e. Green Investment Bank Fund ) i Supplying advanced funding mechanisms to fit the long term hazard and wages profile of renewable energy investings ( i.e. Green Energy Bonds/Green Energy ISAs ) i Investment on onshore grid betterment i Ensuring timely investing on the onshore transmittal web to present power generated from offshore air current farms 5. Grid Interconnection as Measures for Energy Supply Reliability As the intermittent nature of air current resources consequences in undependable energy supply, in general back up coevals installations and energy storage systems are required to utilize air current energy as the base burden electricity coevals system. [ 10 ] In add-on to the conventional steps ER will procure the dependable electricity supply by developing grid interconnectedness undertakings in North Sea. The supergrid such as grid interconnectedness with European Continent can be one of the solutions to equilibrate a variable and unpredictable coevals end product from offshore air current. [ 16 ] Harmonizing to NorthConnect [ 11 ] the planned grid connexion between Scotland and Norway is expected to heighten the electricity supply as the high incursion of air current coevals in the UK and Hydro coevals in Norway complements each other. The proposed supergrid in the North Sea will enable to associate the UK grid to renewable coevals dominant states such as Norway, Denmark and Germany with a entire transmittal capacity of 26GW. [ 2, 12, 15 ] Therefore, the electricity trading through the supergrid will assist non merely to better the electricity supply dependability but besides to accomplish the authorities renewable development mark in 2025. 6. Decision A assortment of researches province that the UK has the abundant seaward resources along with its coastline and in peculiar offshore air current resources with the entire practical potency capacity of 116GW. [ 1 ] Despite huge potency, it seems clear that there presently exist several drawbacks of offshore wind engineerings such as high capital cost, proficient restraint and intermittence nature. However, ER is convinced that our strong vision and believable action program on offshore air current farms will lend to accomplishing the authorities ‘s renewable energy development mark in 2025. Furthermore, the uninterrupted coaction with authorities, makers and developers will excite offshore wind farm development and contribute to maximising the value of the abundant offshore air current resource in the UK. aˆ? How to cite Strategy To Achieve New Target Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

To what extent did the events of 1945-1946 turn war-time allies into Cold War enemies free essay sample

To what extent did the events of 1945-1946 turn war-time allies into Cold War enemies? During the Second World War, the United States and Russia had been allied in order to defeat Nazi Germany. However, following the end of the war and the victory over Germany, relations between America and the Soviet Union began to decline, culminating in the Cold War. Whilst the orthodox view of the Cold War, as held by historians such as Thomas Bailey, is that Stalin and the USSR were responsible for the start of the Cold War in their aggressive expansionism following the end of World War II. However, revisionists such as William Appleman Williams suggest that the relationship between Russia and America was weak before the Cold War, but that there were issues between the two powers before and during the war, and that the alliance between them was merely a marriage of convenience. The events of 1945-6 were important that they turned the tension between the USSR and the USA to a position where they were Cold War enemies, but the deep rooted conflict between the two powers was more important, as the differences in ideology were the main reason that the events of these two years came about. The first point to be considered is the difference in ideologies that existed between America and the Soviet Union. Due to the fact that the USA was a capitalist country and the Soviet Union was a communist state, both felt threatened by the ideals of the other for political and economic reasons. Politically, the two powers were in stark contrast. The USA was built around liberal democracy, where every person has the right to vote, stand for election and holds the right to freedom of speech, worship and free press. The USSR, on the other hand, was a one-party state, where the Communist party was the only political party allowed. Elections were between individuals who were members of the Communist Party. Economically speaking, America was based on capitalism, where private enterprise is encouraged, and where there is minimal government interference into private business. The Soviet Union had a state-owned economy, where all the industry and agriculture was held by the government on behalf of the people. Each power believed that their political system was better, and that it should be the worldwide political system. This made Russia and America fear each other, as they were both afraid of the other ideology was a threat to their own, and was one of the reasons for the start of the Cold War. Even before the Second World War, there were causes for political tension between the USSR and the Western powers. The behaviour Soviets had aggravated Britain and France, and the signing of the Nazi-Soviet was the final straw in confirming the mistrust that the USSR and the West had for each other. The Soviets feared a lack of action from the West and were forced to sign the pact in order to delay a Nazi offensive. Britain and France, on the other hand, saw it as a sign of the untrustworthiness of the Soviet Union, as they had allied themselves with Nazi Germany. However, following the launch of Operation Barbarossa by the Germans in June 1941, the Russians were on the same side as Britain and France in the fight against the Nazis, and when America joined the war at the end of 1941 following the bombing of Pearl Harbour, the USSR were allied with Britain, France and the USA against Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy. However, this was not the end of tension between the USSR and the western powers. In fact, the relations between the Soviet Union and America during the war were merely a â€Å"marriage of convenience† in order to defeat fascism in Europe. Churchill and Roosevelt had offered help to the Russians following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, but during the war, the support provided was limited. For example, the Second Front against the Germans was very late in opening, and Russia did most of the fighting. Following the war, the Soviet Union found itself in a position where it had suffered the most of the three Grand Alliance powers, and as a result was bitter towards America and Britain. The Americans were suspicious of the Russians due to the fact that they did not support the freedoms that the USA was fighting for after the war. For example, the Russians wanted revenge on the Germans for what had happened in Russia, and the means by which they planned to achieve this (slaughter) led the western powers to question the morality of the Soviet Union. The tensions created by the Second World War were also hugely important in turning the war-time allies into Cold War enemies. The conferences between Britain, America and the Soviet Union in 1945 were also vital in the change in relations between the war-time allies. The first of these, at Yalta in February 1945, was whilst the war was ongoing. The method by which Germany would be divided up was established, and it was agreed that the USSR would join the war in the Pacific against Japan. However, one of the first glimpses of the tension that was to come after the war was shown by the debate over Poland. During the war, the Polish government had fled to London. When the USSR liberated Poland, they set up the Lublin Committee. However, the West still supported the government in London, whereas the USSR were set on holding influence in Poland, as it had been the invasion route for three separate attempts to invade Russia. The conference at Potsdam in July 1945 was a cause of real tension. Hugh Lunghi described it as the â€Å"bad tempered conference†. To start with, Churchill and Roosevelt had been replaced with Attlee and Truman respectively. Whereas the relationship between Stalin and the two previous leaders had been one of respect, Truman was more aggressive in his negotiations with Stalin, and the battle over Germany’s future caused significant tension between the two powers. The Soviet Union wanted instability in Russia to create conditions for communism, whereas the West wanted to stabilise it in order to instil democracy. There was considerable debate over many issues about Germany’s future, and tension was rife between the Americans and the Soviets. It could therefore be argued that the post-war conferences were responsible for the turning of war-time allies into Cold War enemies. Thomas Bailey argued that the promises broken by Stalin that had been made at Yalta were responsible for the start of the Cold War, beginning from the Potsdam conference. During the Potsdam Conference, Truman received news of successful atomic tests, giving America the latest advance in weaponry and an advantage over the Soviet Union. When the first bombs were dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki on the 6th and 9th May respectively, the decision to do so was questioned by the Russians. The Americans had calculated that this act would end the war quicker than any other way, and also a way of pressuring the Soviet Union in Europe, as it was a weapon that the USSR didn’t possess. However, Stalin was insulted by the failure of the Americans to inform him, as a war time ally, of the dropping of the bombs, and as a result was suspicious of the Americans. It had also brought about the immediate surrender of Japan without any need for Soviet intervention, denying the USSR any part in the occupation of Japan. The atomic policy of the Americans in 1945 was responsible for further divisions between the USA and the USSR. Indeed, Gar Alperovitz argued that the atomic bomb was the start point of the Cold War. The Baruch Plan of June 1946 was also important in creating suspicion between the USA and the Soviet Union, and therefore furthering the chasm between them following the war. The USA suggested that all further atomic development be halted, which would have left only America with nuclear weapons. This made Stalin suspicious of Truman’s intentions, and created further tension between the two. There were also problems between Britain and the Soviet Union in 1945 and 1946. Firstly, there was the issue of Iran. Iran had been occupied by Britain and the USSR during the war in order to prevent the Nazis from claiming the oil supplies that it had. During the occupation, a date had been agreed when both would leave Iran, which was the 2 March 1946. However, the Russians did not leave by the date agreed, but were instead forced to leave three weeks later after the Iranians appealed to the UN to relieve them of occupation. In the eyes of the West, as Iran was not a buffer state for the USSR, this was proof of Soviet expansionism, as the claim of protectionism by the USSR was no longer valid. Furthermore, Churchill made a speech in Fulton, Missouri on 5 March 1946, in which he claimed that the USSR was preventing the movement of people, goods and ideas back and forth into the Eastern Europe. In Churchill’s eyes, this was not democratic, and therefore he criticised Stalin heavily in the speech. It was reported very favourably by western reporters, and created tension only a year after the end of the war. These two issues were further factors in developing the Cold War relations between the USSR and the USA. The mistrust between the two powers came to a head in 1946 with the George Kennan’s Long Telegram of 22 February 2946, and the Novikov Telegram of 27 September 1946. George Kennan was the American ambassador in Moscow at the time at which the telegram was sent, and was asked to compile a report on the thoughts of the USSR with regards to foreign relations. He sent an 8,000 word telegram to Washington in which he detailed the reason for the Soviet mentality, claiming that Soviet aggression was rooted in nationalist Russian history, and that the image painted within Russia both internally and externally was unrealistic. He concluded that co-existence with the USSR was very difficult, and therefore a policy of containment was needed to prevent further expansion by the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union heard of this report, Nikolai Novikov was asked to compile a similar report on the USA, in which he informed Moscow of American militarisation following on from the fact that the Soviet Union had not been destroyed in the war as expected. These two telegrams were evidence of the lack of trust between the USSR and the USA, and were responsible for further worsening of relations between the two superpowers. In conclusion, the events of 1945 and 1946, such as the conferences at Yalta and Potsdam, the atomic policy of America, the issues between the USSR and Britain in Iran, Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech and the two telegrams of 1946 were important in worsening relations between America and the Soviet Union, and the definite beginning of the Cold War. However, the differences in ideology and the deep rooted issues stemming from the inter war period and the problems created by the Second Cold War, namely the bitterness of the Russians about their losses during it, and the problems coming out of it, were the most important factors in turning the war-time â€Å"allies† into Cold War enemies. In fact, the alliance between the West and the Soviet Union during the war was merely a marriage of convenience that masked the conflict between them. It could be argued that the Cold War would have started earlier had it not been for the outbreak of World War 2.