Aircraft Maintenance The Cause And Effect - 964 Words

Aircraft Maintenance: The Cause Effect Negligence of aircraft mechanics not being trained with the importance of safety causes damage to aircraft, and injury, which has the effects of aircraft crashes and death. Aircraft maintenance is typically demanding, and requires swift action in a short amount of time. This skill however doesn’t come without its risks. Time pressures and mission requirements put pressure on the mechanic, which can cause short cuts, lack of motivation, fatigue and stress. Understanding all that goes into being able to perform aircraft maintenance is already all laid out for the technician, what happens from there is all up to that individual. Most technicians are supplied with specialty tools, technical data books which include a detailed step by step instruction on how to perform a task, and personal protective gear such as gloves, hearing protection, eye protection, safety boots, etc. All of these items are mandatory, and without aircraft maintenance could not be completed. Once the technician has all the required items necessary to perform this routine maintenance, now we need to break down how accidents happen. For majority of the mishaps, â€Å"human factors are the largest contributor to aircraft accidents† (When Poor Aircraft Maintenance Costs Lives). The technician ultimately has control for what happens to that aircraft when it’s in their possession. Factors such as lack of sleep, inattentiveness, reckless behavior, and fatigue all are aShow MoreRelatedMechanical And Structural Factors Of An Aircraft1422 Words   |  6 PagesAircrafts are and always have been a great mode of transportation and come with many clear advantages over many other forms of transportation . This in turn may be one of the main causes of their popularity and success over the years. Aircrafts are used commercially, Privately and they even have military applications. Aircrafts have always been an iconic sign of freedom. Even in the media and in commercial advertisements an airplane can be a symbolic tool used to instill security, freedom and luxuryRead MoreTraining Flying Imparted At Army Aviation School1427 Words   |  6 PagesArmy Aviation. Officers aspiring to become Aviators go through a professionally challenging basic Aviation course at Army Aviation School. The basic flying is conducted on MFI-17 (Mushshak Aircraft), which is a small two seater fixed wing monoplane. It is a rugged, versatile, and a very good basic trainer ai rcraft which bears the brunt of all the follies of an ab-initio Aviation student, including but not limited to hard landings, bumpy rides, touching engine limitations in hot weather, and excessiveRead MoreThe National Transportation Safety Board860 Words   |  4 Pages The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation into an aircraft accident on April 28, 1988, a Boeing 737-200, N73711, operated by Aloha Airlines Inc., as flight 243, exhibited signs of human error. â€Å"The aircraft experienced an explosive decompression and structural failure while flying from Hilo to Honolulu, Hawaii. Approximately 18 feet from the cabin skin and structure aft of the cabin entrance door and above the passenger floor line separated from the airplane during flight (NationalRead MoreSafety of an Aircraft1300 Words   |  5 PagesThe landing gear is a fundamental component for the operation of an aircraft and for the safety of its crew/passengers. The aircraft relies heavily on the structural integrity of the landing gear to take off and land without failure. For military aircraft such as the Boeing F/A-18A/B Hornet, it becomes paramount not only as a safety factor for the pilot, but as a frontline defender for the Nation, that the operation is not inhibited in times of war. There are many factors that can be detrimentalRead MoreCase Study : Alaskan Airlines Flight 2611552 Words   |  7 PagesSafety Board determined: That the probable cause of this accident was a loss of airplane pitch control resulting from the in-flight failure of the horizontal stabilizer trim system jackscrew assembly s acme nut threads. The thread failure was caused by excessive wear resulting from Alaska Airlines insufficient lubrication of the jackscrew assembly (NTSB, 2002). The maintenance procedure for greasing the nut on the jackscrew requires the aircraft maintenance technician to grease the fitting untilRead MoreA Report On The Dirty Dozen1555 Words   |  7 Pageshuman factors, maintenance errors that create aircraft accidents, and how to mitigate those risk. Figure 2 lists â€Å"The Dirty Dozen†. †¢ Lack of Communication – AMTs must communicate to each other what tasks have and have not been completed during shift changes. Never assume the work has been completed. †¢ Lack of Team Work – AMTs must leave their differences at the door. Without team work a breakdown in communication occurs including, sharing knowledge, coordinating maintenance tasks, and debriefingRead MoreThe Problem With Ageing Aircraft1411 Words   |  6 Pageslarge magnitude of life in such short space and time that it grabs the world’s attention[2]. It is a widely accepted notion that aged aircraft are a risk, but to consider them to be an unacceptable risk is a multifaceted question, since the majority of the party that are involved with it disagree[3]. With that said, it is observed that the problem with ageing aircraft starts as early as defining it. For example, according to the Federal aviation administration (FAA), ageing starts from 15 chronologicalRead MoreEnviromental Impact Of Aviation. B Tech Aerospace1585 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION-The things which can fly like airplanes, blimps, helicopters etc. comes under aviation. All the aviation evolves combustion which produces carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, water vapour and other greenhouse gases in the environment which is cause to climate change and global warming. Aviation has a large impact on climate system. It presently accounts for 4-9% of the total climate change impact of human activity.it produces noise which also affects the environment. Here is as a schematic diagramRead MoreMission Statement : Training, Art And Reservist Proficiency1103 Words   |  5 Pagesof military operations and to create an environment where the 94th AW its Mission Partners thrive! Vision Statement: To be the world’s elite maintenance group across the entire spectrum of aircraft maintenance operations, attract, grow, and retain the best. Discovery: During the past year, it was noted that maintenance was having a severe trend in failed inspections due to miscommunication between the (Air Reserve Technicians) and traditional reservists. To counter theseRead MoreMterials Used for Turbine Blades in Jet Engines729 Words   |  3 Pagesconsider the effects of maintenance fluids that might come into contact with blades such as ethylene glycol used to de-ice airplanes and Skydrol a hydraulic fluid (otherwise known in the aircraft industry as fluid susceptibility). Materials are also subjected to scrutiny for expected service life, routine maintenance requirements (maintenance schedule RTCA DO-160 is an environmental test procedure used by the aircraft industry to define the minimum environmental requirements aircraft components

Augustines Doctrine Of Fall - 2007 Words

Augustine is first and foremost a Christian theologian, and in City of God he forms a narrative which links human nature to political authority, initially as a response to criticism of Christianity as the cause of the fall of Rome. In order to comprehensively explore the relationship that Augustine understands exists between human nature and political authority, one must first begin by individually defining human nature as Augustine himself interpreted it and the version of political authority he thereby proposed. In this process, inadequacies and contradictions in Augustine’s thinking surface and it becomes apparent that much of his own system of belief is misled. Nonetheless, Christianity’s continued existence and influence over two millennia marks the significance of any thinker whose religious beliefs and teachings were the driving force behind their political thought. Augustine’s Doctrine of Fall is key to any appreciation of his ideas surrounding human nature and, latterly, of political authority. It says that the fall from grace, the result of Adam exercising his free will and capacity to sin (Augustine, 1467, p.1089), is man’s defining feature. Man was originally all good but human nature has been fundamentally broken by the fall and the inheritance of original sin: as such, no man can be born without sin. This first occurrence of evil – and all future manifestations – can be traced back to what Augustine regards as our key flaw: â€Å"could anything but pride have beenShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1670 Words   |  7 PagesSince the Nicene Council church patriarchs and theologians have toiled to communicate the principle of the Trinity as a doctrine in the Christian church. Our class readings from Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Karl Barth, and Elizabeth Tanner reveal the necessity for discussion about th e trinity to evolve throughout the last 1500 years of Christian theology in order for the doctrine to be modernized to the lexical and social understanding of contemporary Christians. Although Augustine may be one of theRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Original Sin1537 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginal sin and hamartiology, Augustine is the fountainhead, for both Protestant and Roman Catholic’s; however, he was not the originator of the doctrine. Depicting humankind’s solidarity with Adam preceded the teaching of Augustine, but none discussed humanity’s willful complicity in Adam’s sin as vividly and thoroughly. Imperative to understanding the doctrine of original sin is establishing the distinction between evil and sin, being cognizant not to conflate the two. Postulating the difference,Read MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1600 Words   |  7 Pages Augustine and the Trinity Introduction The doctrine of the Trinity is often viewed as an archaic and abstract theory many churches and theological study programs settled on long ago, and therefore, has little relevance to modern Christian faith. Over the past fifteen centuries, the doctrine of the Trinity has played a peripheral role in Christian theology. Formulated in Nicea (325 C.E.) and later revised in Constantinople (381 C.E.), it has been generally accepted by most Christians. However, thisRead MoreTaking a Look at the Original Sin1159 Words   |  5 Pagesopposite and opposing doctrines that were bound to class. This inevitable debate finally occurred in what is known as the Pelagius Controversy. â€Å"The controversy centered around the question of the relationship between God and humanity respecting the doctrines of free will, sin, and grace† (Nassif 289). This argument between Augustine and Pelagius gave Augustine the opportunity to more deeply explain his doctrine and what he believed. This debate is the headstone to the doctrine of Original Sin. PelagiusRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Original Sin2199 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION The doctrine of original sin refers to in Christian doctrine, â€Å"the condition or state of sin in which each human is born; also the origin of this state.† It is often viewed as one of the most difficult parts of Christian theology. The idea that Adam’s sin was imputed to the whole human race and that we are personally implicated with Adam, is a good example of a doctrine that has generated a great deal of debate. Some theologians go as far as to view the doctrine of original sin as ‘offensive’Read MoreSt. Augustines Conversion to Christianity Essay1129 Words   |  5 PagesSt. Augustines Conversion to Christianity Aurelius Augustinius, St. Augustine, was born in 354 A.D. in Tagaste, a town in North Africa. Born just over a century before the fall of Rome, Augustine would live his entire life within the Roman empire. Augustine was a great Christian thinker and wrote numerous works which survive today, and offer us a vivid glimpse into the period. His works and thoughts on Christ, the nature of God, the role of the Church, and myriad other topics, shaped muchRead MoreThe Early Days of the Christian Church: Sin and Salvation1284 Words   |  5 Pagesestablish doctrine on the nature of God and, Christ a controversy arose concerning human nature. The controversy started in the 5th century when Pelagius a British spiritual director heard a bishop quote from Augustine’s Confessions. The quote stated, â€Å"Grant what you command and command what you will†. Pelagius believed the quote allowed humans to avoid taking responsibility for choosing to sin. Pelagius’ views o n the nature of sin and grace not only conflicted with Augustine’s views butRead MoreCritically Discuss Augustines Distinction Between Just and Unjust Wars1154 Words   |  5 Pagessince the Fall the soul has been tainted and is thus incapable of achieving goodness. While Augustine was fundamentally against war as he believed it was sinful, he recognised that sometimes there were just wars that could be fought under Gods jurisdiction to obtain a just peace. This essay will examine the criteria that Augustine set about for a Just war and whether his doctrine does indeed encompass justice. Adam and Eves expulsion from the Garden of Eden, and their subsequent fall from graceRead MoreAugustine Confessions Essay771 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Sarah Kaldas Humanities I Dr. Borucki May 5 2014 Augustine’s Confessions Augustine’s Confessions is a diverse blend of autobiographical accounts as well as philosophical, theological and critical analysis of the Christian Bible. Augustine treats his autobiography as an opportunity to recount his life and mentions how each event in his life has a religious and philosophical explanation. Augustine had many major events happen in his life but only 3 events would deem of extreme importance to hisRead MoreEssay on A Review of Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo1539 Words   |  7 Pagespreface before the work, and, after the work, a seventeen-page bibliography, and ten-page index.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brown’s book is organized, like any scholarly biography, chronologically according to Augustine’s life.   It is separated into five parts, each corresponding to significant portions of Augustine’s life:   his pagan life, his conversion, his actions against the Donatists, his actions against Pelagians, and his final legacy and death.   Each part opens with a chronological table of events both

Strategy To Achieve New Target Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The UK authorities late announced its ambitious renewable energy program which includes supplying 75 of the entire UK electricity supply through renewable energy beginnings. In line with its new mark on the renewable energy development, I strongly believe as the main executive of ‘Edinburgh Renewables ‘ ( ER ) that our legion experiences on air current farm undertakings will lend to accomplishing the given mark successfully. As such, this study will demo the authorities ‘s new renewable development program in 2025 and sketch an action program for ER to present 30 % of the new mark capacity. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy To Achieve New Target Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In add-on the study will analyze whether authorities part can assist ER towards accomplishing the given mark. Finally, steps to work out the intermittence of the air current resource will be recommended. 2. Renewable Energy Development Target Based on the authorities ‘s new renewable energy policy, ER has set up a new mark that aims to bring forth 30 % of the authorities ‘s new renewable mark capacity in 2025 ( 75 % of the entire electricity supply ) . This will be attained through using new coevals of offshore air current farms under our direction. The inside informations of the new marks on renewable energy development are outlined as follows: i Government Target in 2025 i Total Electricity Demand in 2025: 450TWh i Electricity Supply From Renewable Energy: 338TWh ( 75 % of entire demand ) i ER Target in 2025 i 30 % of Renewable Energy Development Target i 102TWh ( Energy Production ) / 33GW ( Installed Capacity ) i Offshore air current farms ( Capacity Factor = 35 % ) Demand Forecast A ; Total Installed Capacity The entire electricity demand to put up the mark is forecasted to make 450TWh in 2025 by utilizing the same premise used for the Public Interest Research Centre prognosis by 2050. [ 1 ] Based on the new authorities policy, 75 % of electricity energy demand at 338TWH would be provided by renewable energy beginnings. ER will supply 30 % of the mark through the offshore air current farms development which would hold entire installed capacity of 33GW by 2025. The inside informations are described in Annex-1. Why Offshore Wind Farms? ER chose to intensively concentrate on offshore air current farms development, given higher prospective potency, higher capacity and higher cost decrease outlook of offshore air current engineering. In add-on, higher mean air current velocity, lower turbulency every bit good as less restraint on turn uping the site finally increases the deployment of offshore air current farms in the long footings when compared to onshore air current farms options. [ 1 ] Despite higher capital costs of the offshore air current farms undertaking, higher capacity factors can countervail this to some extent. [ 4 ] Additionally, the analysis in Renewable Energy Roadmap 2020, shows that cost of offshore wind engineering can be significantly reduced compared with other renewable engineerings by developing supply ironss and advanced engineerings. [ 2 ] Capacity Factor The capacity factor varies depending on the mean average air current velocity of geographical location and air current turbine features [ 4, 5 ] but sing future engineering development and operational experience accretion, the capacity factor of 35 % which was assumed in Renewables Advisory Board ‘s 2020 Vision was applied. [ 1 ] 3. Action Plan by 2025 The action program for 2025 was divided into two stages. This action was chosen in order to ease the accomplishment of the new mark in 2025. During the first stage ( 2013 to 2020 ) ER plans to take part and put in developing some of the offshore air current farm undertakings under Round 2 Extension, Round 3 Program and Scottish Territorial Waters Program of The Crown Estate. [ 6 ] This attack non merely leads to finishing the assorted undertakings on clip as planned, but it is besides expected to excite other seaward undertakings in the long term through continuously developing the advanced engineerings needed to cut down undertaking costs. Furthermore, based on undertaking experiences of the first stage, during the 2nd stage ( 2015 to 2020 ) ER will rush up developing new undertakings with larger capacity that can enable us to accomplish the concluding end in 2025. i 1st Phase ( 2013 ~ 2020 ) i Action Plan: Accelerate the planned offshore air current farms undertakings and develop advanced engineering to cut down the undertaking cost i Total Target Capacity: 14GW i Site: Entire 13 sites i Total Seabed Area: 3,986km2 [ 6 ] i 2nd Phase ( 2015 ~ 2025 ) i Action Plan: Develop the big graduated table offshore air current farms to accomplish the mark in 2025 i Total Target Capacity: 19GW i Site: Feasible sites among the Crown Estate Round 3 Zones ( determined by site study ) i Total Estimated Seabed Area: 1,691 ~ 3,193km2 Entire Seabed Area The entire seabed country required for both the 1st stage and 2nd stage of the program is estimated at 7,179 km2 which is about a ten percent of the size of Scotland. Harmonizing to the Crown Estate, entire seabed country of the 1st stage of the program is about 3,986km2. [ 6 ] On the other manus, entire undertaking country of the 2nd stage of the program varies depending on different air current turbine array. Given 5D by 10D turbine array [ 8 ] with a turbine rotor diameter of 164m [ 14 ] , the estimated site country for the 2nd stage is 3,193km2. However, based on the optimum air current turbine array examined by Christie [ 9 ] , the entire country for 2nd stage can be reduced to 1,691km2. The elaborate execution agenda and appraisal of the needed seabed country are described in the Annex-2. 4. Necessary Financial Support and Investment of Public Money [ 2 ] Due to the higher capacity factor and high prospective potency in UK, offshore wind engineering is expected to be the individual biggest part to renewable energy coevals for energy security and decarbonisation in the hereafter. [ 1, 3 ] However, sing that offshore air current engineerings are at the beginning of the commercial deployment phase, the current capital cost remains about twice expensive than cost of onshore air current engineerings. [ 4 ] Therefore, the uninterrupted authorities fiscal support and investing are important for the successful execution of our action program. The necessary supports chiefly include fiscal support to cut down undertaking cost and to minimise investing hazard. Furthermore, the authorities investing in seaward air current farm undertakings and grid betterment undertakings is necessary to accomplish the ER mark in 2025. i Financial support to cut down cost of offshore air current engineerings i Supporting R A ; D and Testing Facilities to develop cost effectual engineerings ( i.e. EMEC ) i Developing supply concatenation of the equipment and building ( i.e. National Renewables Infrastructure Fund ) i Financial support to minimise investing hazard i Supplying a stable and long term fiscal support mechanism to procure fundss for the offshore air current development ( i.e. ROCs, New Electricity Market Support Mechanism ) [ 18 ] i Direct investing from public fund i Taking an active function of the authorities in direct funding sing the ample needed loaning ( i.e. Green Investment Bank Fund ) i Supplying advanced funding mechanisms to fit the long term hazard and wages profile of renewable energy investings ( i.e. Green Energy Bonds/Green Energy ISAs ) i Investment on onshore grid betterment i Ensuring timely investing on the onshore transmittal web to present power generated from offshore air current farms 5. Grid Interconnection as Measures for Energy Supply Reliability As the intermittent nature of air current resources consequences in undependable energy supply, in general back up coevals installations and energy storage systems are required to utilize air current energy as the base burden electricity coevals system. [ 10 ] In add-on to the conventional steps ER will procure the dependable electricity supply by developing grid interconnectedness undertakings in North Sea. The supergrid such as grid interconnectedness with European Continent can be one of the solutions to equilibrate a variable and unpredictable coevals end product from offshore air current. [ 16 ] Harmonizing to NorthConnect [ 11 ] the planned grid connexion between Scotland and Norway is expected to heighten the electricity supply as the high incursion of air current coevals in the UK and Hydro coevals in Norway complements each other. The proposed supergrid in the North Sea will enable to associate the UK grid to renewable coevals dominant states such as Norway, Denmark and Germany with a entire transmittal capacity of 26GW. [ 2, 12, 15 ] Therefore, the electricity trading through the supergrid will assist non merely to better the electricity supply dependability but besides to accomplish the authorities renewable development mark in 2025. 6. Decision A assortment of researches province that the UK has the abundant seaward resources along with its coastline and in peculiar offshore air current resources with the entire practical potency capacity of 116GW. [ 1 ] Despite huge potency, it seems clear that there presently exist several drawbacks of offshore wind engineerings such as high capital cost, proficient restraint and intermittence nature. However, ER is convinced that our strong vision and believable action program on offshore air current farms will lend to accomplishing the authorities ‘s renewable energy development mark in 2025. Furthermore, the uninterrupted coaction with authorities, makers and developers will excite offshore wind farm development and contribute to maximising the value of the abundant offshore air current resource in the UK. aˆ? How to cite Strategy To Achieve New Target Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

To what extent did the events of 1945-1946 turn war-time allies into Cold War enemies free essay sample

To what extent did the events of 1945-1946 turn war-time allies into Cold War enemies? During the Second World War, the United States and Russia had been allied in order to defeat Nazi Germany. However, following the end of the war and the victory over Germany, relations between America and the Soviet Union began to decline, culminating in the Cold War. Whilst the orthodox view of the Cold War, as held by historians such as Thomas Bailey, is that Stalin and the USSR were responsible for the start of the Cold War in their aggressive expansionism following the end of World War II. However, revisionists such as William Appleman Williams suggest that the relationship between Russia and America was weak before the Cold War, but that there were issues between the two powers before and during the war, and that the alliance between them was merely a marriage of convenience. The events of 1945-6 were important that they turned the tension between the USSR and the USA to a position where they were Cold War enemies, but the deep rooted conflict between the two powers was more important, as the differences in ideology were the main reason that the events of these two years came about. The first point to be considered is the difference in ideologies that existed between America and the Soviet Union. Due to the fact that the USA was a capitalist country and the Soviet Union was a communist state, both felt threatened by the ideals of the other for political and economic reasons. Politically, the two powers were in stark contrast. The USA was built around liberal democracy, where every person has the right to vote, stand for election and holds the right to freedom of speech, worship and free press. The USSR, on the other hand, was a one-party state, where the Communist party was the only political party allowed. Elections were between individuals who were members of the Communist Party. Economically speaking, America was based on capitalism, where private enterprise is encouraged, and where there is minimal government interference into private business. The Soviet Union had a state-owned economy, where all the industry and agriculture was held by the government on behalf of the people. Each power believed that their political system was better, and that it should be the worldwide political system. This made Russia and America fear each other, as they were both afraid of the other ideology was a threat to their own, and was one of the reasons for the start of the Cold War. Even before the Second World War, there were causes for political tension between the USSR and the Western powers. The behaviour Soviets had aggravated Britain and France, and the signing of the Nazi-Soviet was the final straw in confirming the mistrust that the USSR and the West had for each other. The Soviets feared a lack of action from the West and were forced to sign the pact in order to delay a Nazi offensive. Britain and France, on the other hand, saw it as a sign of the untrustworthiness of the Soviet Union, as they had allied themselves with Nazi Germany. However, following the launch of Operation Barbarossa by the Germans in June 1941, the Russians were on the same side as Britain and France in the fight against the Nazis, and when America joined the war at the end of 1941 following the bombing of Pearl Harbour, the USSR were allied with Britain, France and the USA against Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy. However, this was not the end of tension between the USSR and the western powers. In fact, the relations between the Soviet Union and America during the war were merely a â€Å"marriage of convenience† in order to defeat fascism in Europe. Churchill and Roosevelt had offered help to the Russians following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, but during the war, the support provided was limited. For example, the Second Front against the Germans was very late in opening, and Russia did most of the fighting. Following the war, the Soviet Union found itself in a position where it had suffered the most of the three Grand Alliance powers, and as a result was bitter towards America and Britain. The Americans were suspicious of the Russians due to the fact that they did not support the freedoms that the USA was fighting for after the war. For example, the Russians wanted revenge on the Germans for what had happened in Russia, and the means by which they planned to achieve this (slaughter) led the western powers to question the morality of the Soviet Union. The tensions created by the Second World War were also hugely important in turning the war-time allies into Cold War enemies. The conferences between Britain, America and the Soviet Union in 1945 were also vital in the change in relations between the war-time allies. The first of these, at Yalta in February 1945, was whilst the war was ongoing. The method by which Germany would be divided up was established, and it was agreed that the USSR would join the war in the Pacific against Japan. However, one of the first glimpses of the tension that was to come after the war was shown by the debate over Poland. During the war, the Polish government had fled to London. When the USSR liberated Poland, they set up the Lublin Committee. However, the West still supported the government in London, whereas the USSR were set on holding influence in Poland, as it had been the invasion route for three separate attempts to invade Russia. The conference at Potsdam in July 1945 was a cause of real tension. Hugh Lunghi described it as the â€Å"bad tempered conference†. To start with, Churchill and Roosevelt had been replaced with Attlee and Truman respectively. Whereas the relationship between Stalin and the two previous leaders had been one of respect, Truman was more aggressive in his negotiations with Stalin, and the battle over Germany’s future caused significant tension between the two powers. The Soviet Union wanted instability in Russia to create conditions for communism, whereas the West wanted to stabilise it in order to instil democracy. There was considerable debate over many issues about Germany’s future, and tension was rife between the Americans and the Soviets. It could therefore be argued that the post-war conferences were responsible for the turning of war-time allies into Cold War enemies. Thomas Bailey argued that the promises broken by Stalin that had been made at Yalta were responsible for the start of the Cold War, beginning from the Potsdam conference. During the Potsdam Conference, Truman received news of successful atomic tests, giving America the latest advance in weaponry and an advantage over the Soviet Union. When the first bombs were dropped over Hiroshima and Nagasaki on the 6th and 9th May respectively, the decision to do so was questioned by the Russians. The Americans had calculated that this act would end the war quicker than any other way, and also a way of pressuring the Soviet Union in Europe, as it was a weapon that the USSR didn’t possess. However, Stalin was insulted by the failure of the Americans to inform him, as a war time ally, of the dropping of the bombs, and as a result was suspicious of the Americans. It had also brought about the immediate surrender of Japan without any need for Soviet intervention, denying the USSR any part in the occupation of Japan. The atomic policy of the Americans in 1945 was responsible for further divisions between the USA and the USSR. Indeed, Gar Alperovitz argued that the atomic bomb was the start point of the Cold War. The Baruch Plan of June 1946 was also important in creating suspicion between the USA and the Soviet Union, and therefore furthering the chasm between them following the war. The USA suggested that all further atomic development be halted, which would have left only America with nuclear weapons. This made Stalin suspicious of Truman’s intentions, and created further tension between the two. There were also problems between Britain and the Soviet Union in 1945 and 1946. Firstly, there was the issue of Iran. Iran had been occupied by Britain and the USSR during the war in order to prevent the Nazis from claiming the oil supplies that it had. During the occupation, a date had been agreed when both would leave Iran, which was the 2 March 1946. However, the Russians did not leave by the date agreed, but were instead forced to leave three weeks later after the Iranians appealed to the UN to relieve them of occupation. In the eyes of the West, as Iran was not a buffer state for the USSR, this was proof of Soviet expansionism, as the claim of protectionism by the USSR was no longer valid. Furthermore, Churchill made a speech in Fulton, Missouri on 5 March 1946, in which he claimed that the USSR was preventing the movement of people, goods and ideas back and forth into the Eastern Europe. In Churchill’s eyes, this was not democratic, and therefore he criticised Stalin heavily in the speech. It was reported very favourably by western reporters, and created tension only a year after the end of the war. These two issues were further factors in developing the Cold War relations between the USSR and the USA. The mistrust between the two powers came to a head in 1946 with the George Kennan’s Long Telegram of 22 February 2946, and the Novikov Telegram of 27 September 1946. George Kennan was the American ambassador in Moscow at the time at which the telegram was sent, and was asked to compile a report on the thoughts of the USSR with regards to foreign relations. He sent an 8,000 word telegram to Washington in which he detailed the reason for the Soviet mentality, claiming that Soviet aggression was rooted in nationalist Russian history, and that the image painted within Russia both internally and externally was unrealistic. He concluded that co-existence with the USSR was very difficult, and therefore a policy of containment was needed to prevent further expansion by the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union heard of this report, Nikolai Novikov was asked to compile a similar report on the USA, in which he informed Moscow of American militarisation following on from the fact that the Soviet Union had not been destroyed in the war as expected. These two telegrams were evidence of the lack of trust between the USSR and the USA, and were responsible for further worsening of relations between the two superpowers. In conclusion, the events of 1945 and 1946, such as the conferences at Yalta and Potsdam, the atomic policy of America, the issues between the USSR and Britain in Iran, Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech and the two telegrams of 1946 were important in worsening relations between America and the Soviet Union, and the definite beginning of the Cold War. However, the differences in ideology and the deep rooted issues stemming from the inter war period and the problems created by the Second Cold War, namely the bitterness of the Russians about their losses during it, and the problems coming out of it, were the most important factors in turning the war-time â€Å"allies† into Cold War enemies. In fact, the alliance between the West and the Soviet Union during the war was merely a marriage of convenience that masked the conflict between them. It could be argued that the Cold War would have started earlier had it not been for the outbreak of World War 2.

Charles Darwin Essays (914 words) - Fellows Of The Royal Society

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. He was the son of Robert Waring Darwin and his wife Susannah, and the grandson of the scientist Erasmus Darwin. His mother died when he was eight years old, and he was brought up by his sister. He was taught the classics at Shrewsbury, then sent to Edinburgh to study medicine, which he hated. Like many modern students Darwin only excelled in subjects that intrigued him. Although his father was a physician, Darwin was uninterested in medicine and he was unable to stand the sight of surgery. He did eventually obtain a degree in theology from Cambridge University, although theology was of minor interest to him also. What Darwin really liked to do was tramp over the hills, observing plants and animals, collecting new specimens, scrutinizing their structures, and categorizing his findings, guided by his cousin William Darwin Fox, an entomologist. Darwin's scientific inclinations were encouraged by his botany professor, John Stevens Henslow, who was instrumental, despite heavy paternal opposition, in securing a place for Darwin as a naturalist on the surveying expedition of HMS Beagle to Patagonia. Under Captain Robert Fitzroy, Darwin visited Tenerife, the Cape Verde Island, Brazil, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Chile, the Galapagos Islands, Tahiti, New Zealand, and Tasmania. In the Cape Verde Island Darwin devised his theory of coral reefs. Another significant stop on the trip was in the Galapagos Islands, it was here that Darwin found huge populations of tortoises and he found that different islands were home to significantly different types of tortoises. Darwin then found that on islands without tortoises, prickly pear cactus plants grew with their pads and fruits spread out over the ground. On islands that had hundreds of tortoises, the prickly pears grew substantially thick, tall trunks, bearing the pads and fruits high above the reach of the tough mouthed tortoises. During this five-year expedition he obtained intimate knowledge of the fauna, flora, and geology of many lands, which equipped him for his later investigations. In 1836, Darwin returned to England after the 5 years with the expedition, and by 1846 he had became one of the foremost naturalists of his time, and he also published several works on the geological and zoological discoveries of his voyage. He developed a friendship with Sir Charles Lyell, became secretary of the Geological Society, a position which Darwin held for four years. In 1839 Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood. But constantly bothering Darwin was the problem of the origin of the species. Darwin sought to prove his ideal of evolution with simple examples. The various breeds of dogs provided a striking example of what Darwin sought to prove. Dogs descended from wolves, and even today the two will readily crossbreed. With rare exceptions, however, few modern dogs actually resemble wolves. Some breeds, such as the Chihuahua and the Great Dane, are so different from one another that they would be considered separate species in the wild. If humans could cross breed such radically different dogs in only a few hundred years, Darwin reasoned that nature could produce the same spectrum of living organisms given the hundreds of millions of years that she had been allowed. From 1842 Darwin lived at Down House, a country gentleman among his gardens, conservatories, pigeons, and fowls. The practical knowledge he gained there, especially in variation and interbreeding proved invaluable. At Down House Darwin addressed himself to the great work of his life, the problem of the origin of species. After five years of collecting the evidence, Darwin began to speculate on the subject. In 1842 he drew up his observations in some short notes, expanded in 1844 into a sketch of conclusions for his own use. These conclusions were the principle of natural selection, the germ of the Darwinian Theory, but with typical caution he delayed publication of his hypothesis. However, in 1858 Alfred Wallace sent Darwin a letter of his book, Malay Archipelago, which, to Darwin's surprise, contained the main ideas of his own theory of natural selection. Lyell and Joseph Hooker persuaded him to submit a paper of his own, based on his 1844 sketch, which was read simultaneou! sly with Wallace's before the Linnean Society in 1858. Neither Darwin nor Wallace was present on that historic occasion. Darwin then set to work to condense his vast mass of notes, and put into shape his great work, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life, published in 1859. This great work, received throughout Europe with the deepest interest, was violently attacked because

Tuckmans Team Development Analysis Essays

Tuckmans Team Development Analysis Essays Tuckmans Team Development Analysis Paper Tuckmans Team Development Analysis Paper Tuckmans model is sequential, developmental and thematic. It is sequential in that the stages occur in a specifically stated order. Each stage will occur naturally, with the timing dependent on the nature of the group, group membership and group leadership. The model is developmental in that the issues and concerns in each stage must be resolved in order for the group to move to the next stage. If the group is not able to resolve such issues and concerns, members experience either conflict or apathy, which becomes the dominant group behaviour. If continued attempts to resolve the impasse fail, group disintegration occurs. Successful groups meet and resolve the challenges presented, so growth occurs. The model is thematic in that each stage is characterised by two dominant themes, one reflecting the task dimension and one reflecting the relationship dimension, as noted in the following table. These themes provide realistic expectations of group behaviour. This is particularly to those in leadership positions, because they can base their behaviour and interventions on these expectations. Appropriate leader interventions then can facilitate the group development process. The initial stage of small-group development is characterised by a movement toward awareness. In the process of forming, the groups task behaviour is an attempt to become oriented to the goals and procedures of the group. The amount of information available and the manner in which it is presented is critical to group development. Resolving dependency issues and testing are the major relationship behaviours. Understanding leadership roles and getting acquainted with other group members, facilitates group development at this stage. When orientation and dependency issues are resolved, conflict begins to emerge, signalling the second stage of group development. The storming process involves resistance or emotional responses to task demands and interpersonal hostility in relationships. Group members engage in behaviours that challenge the groups leadership or they isolate themselves from group interaction. If conflict is permitted to exceed controllable limits, anxiety and tension permeate the group. If conflict is suppressed and not permitted to occur, resentment and bitterness result. This can encourage apathy or abandonment of the group. Although conflict resolution often is the goal of groups during the storming stage, conflict management generally is what is achieved. In fact, conflict management is a more appropriate goal because it is desirable to maintain conflict at a manageable level to encourage the continuous growth and development of the group. The third stage of small group development, norming, is characterised by cooperation. The dominant task themes are communication and expression of opinions. Sharing of information and influence promotes cooperation and synergistic outcomes. Cohesion is the relationship theme. A blend of harmony and openness is created by the work effort, which increases morale and team building efforts. Group unity develops, and shared responsibilities increase, typically leading to decision making by consensus and democratic leadership styles. The fourth stage of small-group development is evidenced by productivity. Performing encourages functional role relatedness. The task theme is problem solving. Group effort is mobilised to achieve group goals. Group members provide valuable contributions by assuming appropriate roles that enhance problem solving. The relationship theme is interdependence; it is the basis for any successful team effort and it requires group members simultaneously to be highly independent and highly dependent. The final stage of small-group development brings the group to an end. The adjourning process involves termination of task behaviours and disengagement from relationships. Conclusion of the group is not always planned. A planned group conclusion usually involves recognition for participation and achievement as well as an opportunity for members to say personal good-byes. Adjournment of the group should be accomplished within a set time frame and have a recognisable ending point.

Waste in Government Spending Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Waste in Government Spending - Research Paper Example This paper shall specifically address the thesis: the United States government has a significant amount of unnecessary expenses which waste the taxpayers’ money. It shall discuss the fact that the US is spending unnecessarily for matters and items which can actually be discarded as government expenses. This paper is being carried out in order to establish an argumentative and logical conclusion to the thesis, setting forth a scholarly and detailed approach to the resolution of the issue raised. The US government has a significant amount of unnecessary expenses which waste the taxpayers’ money. President Barack Obama himself has acknowledged the fact that â€Å"0.004 of 1 percent of the federal budget as wasteful and proposed eliminating this $140 million from his $3.6 trillion fiscal year 2010 budget request† (Riedl, p. 1). Such waste in government spending is significantly impacting on the areas where actual and essential spending is needed and where deficiencie s are impacting on the quality of government services. There are different kinds of waste seen in government spending, and many of them were specified and detailed by Senator Tom Coburn in his 2010 report entitled â€Å"Wastebook.† Some of these unnecessary expenses shall be discussed below. ... This is an unfortunate circumstance considering the fact that thousands of American troops injured in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars are set to return to the US requiring medical and other support services (Winter). There are about 5,000 buildings owned by the Department of Veterans Affairs, but about 300 of these are vacant and dilapidated. And yet, much money is being allocated for their upkeep and no lucrative or beneficial remedies are being implemented as yet by the government to address this issue. Coburn also discusses how the government is wasting about $1.5 million in sprucing apartments before tearing them down. This practice is seen in Shreveport, LA (p. 4). Coburn (p. 4) reports how the city of Shreveport, Louisiana spent $1.5 million of stimulus funds to fix moldy houses which were already considered for demolition. The housing authority set forth that it would use stimulus money in order to improve various low-income homes. After an audit, the authorities established tha t the city has not spent the money allocated to it; this was against the regulations set forth by the stimulus which required the city to spend the allocated money within a year. In order to comply with such mandate, the officials implemented mold remediation for the housing units (Coburn, p. 4). An evaluation established however that the remediation was not done properly; subsequently, the demolition of the buildings was implemented. Waste in government spending is also apparent with various agencies making unnecessary printing. Such unnecessary printing amounts to $930 million annual cost (Coburn, p. 5). Based on a report by Lexmark (p. 3), there are about $440 million printing savings

Visionary Leader Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Visionary Leader - Assignment Example Coleman strived improve the productivity of the company despite coming from a relatively small company. Therefore, I will place him in the category of an effective and thought leader. Based on his efforts, he stimulated actions and visions towards success of the corporation (Daft 2014). Deacon is a perfect example of an inspirational or social architect. He acknowledged the decline in his productivity and sought the assistance of a competent leader. Despite his retirement, he still offered advice for the teams and nurtured Coleman on sound decision making. Efficient leadership is all-inclusive. Hence, if I happened to be Coleman, I shall strive to advance the positive developments in a more open manner. I will consult with my staff on the shared concerns. Then, I will organize a consultative meeting with different sector stakeholders to gain more and share experiences about the plans. It is also important to benchmark during such events. Finally, I will engage Deacon in constant consultation meetings to update him on the progress and request for his regular

RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE & COMMUNITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE & COMMUNITY - Essay Example nd methods to use to reach their end in their faith, while in a little tradition, the practitioners are limited to each other and the knowledge that has been passed down from one person to another. A prime example between the two traditions can be seen in Catholicism, the difference between the Pope and the other followers of the religion. The Pope has studied it in the sense of the greater tradition - through books, training, and practice; the other practitioners, the ones that attend the church are those that practice the little tradition. The Pope practices Catholicism the way it was intended to be practiced, yet the church-goers do what can be informally considered "second best". There are those still that do not attend a church, but practice in the ways that they were taught by others, by traditions passed down to them. The differences lie with the clergy, the smaller groups, and the individuals. As there is very little distinction between the different ways that Catholicism can be practiced, even between the Pope and individuals of society, there is hardly a noticeable effect. Each person and each group practices how they are able to; in a way, changing the traditions is necessary, as it allows each person or each group to fully understand the finer points of their religion. Some people would not get out of books what the Pope is able to, so they work with what they have an easier time understanding. In the same sense, the changes are good - they help to bring people closer to that religion. When a person realizes that cannot achieve something one way, they improvise with another way that they are comfortable with. Many religions are seldom what they had originally been, owing to the fact that not everyone was fortunate enough to study it in the great tradition, so they resorted to what they

Alternative marketing strategies to increase market share

Alternative marketing strategies to increase market share The aim and objective of this report is to provide recommendations on ways for Natural Way Products to increase the brands market share. Based on NWPs current market share status the most effective strategies to implement incorporate a mix of market penetration and market development strategies. It is recommended that NWP maintain their current reputation in their current market as its a vital part and one of the businesses main strengths to their ongoing business. Recommendations for implementing the market penetration and market development strategies involve focusing on customer relationship management, looking for potential alliances with businesses already in the national market, using alternative media channels and look at product promotion via their current online distribution channels while tailoring the marketing campaigns to each target segment. NWP is a small, independently owned New Zealand company currently holding an estimated 10% market share in New Zealand aiming to achieve a 15% share within the next five years, and expand sales to the South Island and Australian market. The purpose and objectives of this report is to identify different market growth strategies and advise Jacqui Thompson of Natural Way Products (NWP) recommendations in order to achieve a greater market share in the New Zealand natural skincare market. This report outlines the recommended solutions for Jacqui to implement in order to achieve the companies objectives. These recommendations focus on how NWP can strive to achieve the desired growth in market share specifically using the market penetration and market development strategies using geographic expansion methods and product promotion. It is assumed that NWP have available funds to allocate to the marketing strategies recommended. With restricted access to current customer market feedback it is assumed that the points of difference stated by Jacqui are correct and therefore hold the advantage over competitors offerings. It is also assumed that the market share estimate is correct and current and that the brand Zaras is a reputable brand. 2. DISCUSSION Natural Way Products situation analysis: 2.1 Strengths: Successful established and reputable brand name and product line Current 10% market share Current experience, knowledge and resources already in place Quality and reliable products Uses some locally grown and entirely natural herbal ingredients Offers different channels of distribution through online sales and retail outlets. 2.2 Weaknesses: Currently limited to small market segment offering slower growth potential Products made in small batches risk with the more produced the less attention given as demand increases. 2.3 Opportunities: Create additional services to competitors by enhancing current features of online system Influential media awareness focus on natural-based products Look for low cost opportunities and ones that leverage current capabilities Product variants provide opportunity of selling more to the same market Opportunity for growth in new locations and underrepresented geographic markets Marketing costs are less in this digital age and easier to implement Partnerships or alliances with other businesses 2.4 Threats: Risk of retaliation from larger competitors Impact of global economy and environment on local business Little scope for using existing expertise if trying to sell completely different products or services to different customers Effect of increased market share on actual and perceived quality Alternative strategies for growth in market share: 2.5 Market Penetration NWP could gain additional market share with its current products and current markets by encouraging customers to purchase more. They would be able to utilise current experience, knowledge and resources making growth in existing product markets more cost effective and less of a risk. NWP could further advertise their products leaning on their points of difference from competitors offerings in order to encourage more customers in their existing market to use their product, or current customers to use more of it. NWP could do this by launching special promotions and offerings (Boaz, 2006, p.212); increase sales representatives; expand to department stores; and introduce a loyalty scheme to entice customers into the market. With the forever increasing use of online marketing NWP could use customised marketing through their current client database and focus on expanding the services provided through their online ordering tools. With extra features and additional offers that create a competitive advantage such as same day delivery, free gift wrapping service or free delivery; or discounted online offers. It has been argued by Gorton (2007, p.37) that maintaining the client database using customer relationship management is also important and could be used by NWP to create custom reminder responses based on previous buying patterns and as reminders on special occasions. NWPs current reputation is one of the most important assets they have. Market penetration will be a useful strategy for NWP, while maintaining expertise and experience in a market already well known to the company they are at less risk and losing reputation and upsetting product quality and service delivery. The downside to using this strategy is that this limits market share growth to current markets offering slower growth potential as opposed to developing products in new markets. 2.6 Market Development NWP should consider domestic geographic expansion as a way to improve sales volume and share position. Changing from a regional operation to a national operation (Walker, Orville C. Jr Mullins, John W. , c2011, p.251) could be best implemented by NWP through an alliance with a business already in the market and also assist in stronger buying power from suppliers. This move does create a risk of retaliation from larger national competition as well as from current regional competitors. NWP could look at targeting non-users who would be interested in using the products through advertising and media channels or offering free samples to first time users. By marketing to potential customers and making them aware of the products NWP could invest in television, internet and magazine advertising, for example in womens health magazines, or during prime television slots in which the target market are known to be viewers. Focusing on media advertising as shown by Boaz (2006, p.209) does run the risk of being costly and ineffective if not advertised correctly. NWP already offer two channels of distribution but could look at further promotion through online sales and expanding the reach of current retail stores in which their products are sold. NWP should look to open up alternative distribution channels such as direct marketing using a sales team; introducing products into department stores under another brand name, and expanding the number of retail outlets. NWP could also target different age groups of women by tailoring the advertising campaign and packaging to appeal more to each market segment. The same expertise currently used in the company can be applied with ease to the new segment therefore reducing cost and risk. Expanding products into further market segments will be an effective strategy for NWP, using geographic expansion, their current distribution channels, and further advertising. It is also recommended (Snyder, Tom Burns, Brian, 2010, p.173) that a potential alliance with major customers or with other national like-minded businesses is likely to be successful in achieving growth in market share. 2.7 Product development With 15 years of business and products already proving to be successful NWP could introduce more products to the market under their recognised brand name Zaras. Ideally NWP would need to offer a new product not currently offered by competitors and could make this offering more attractive than competitors by providing initial discount offers for first time users and then continuing at full price once theyve obtained repeat business. NWP would benefit from using their existing customer database to find out their preferences and to gain feedback for potential new products. If using this strategy NWP would benefit from integrating current users into the innovation process by asking for new product ideas from them and pursuing the most popular of those ideas. NWP could also look at packaging existing products in new ways to appeal more to the current target market. Or try promoting the current product in department or retail stores under an alternative brand name. Unless risk management is closely monitored this could be an ineffective strategy for NWP (Leithhead, 2011, para.3). Managing the risk involved in product development could put pressure on NWP as resources would need to be reallocated to the development of the new product. Product development could be costly and unrewarding for NWP. If resources are stretched to develop new products the quality of their existing offerings could suffer. Identifying critical resource limitations, recognises Gorton (2007, p.27), is essential to avoid a negative impact on the quality of current product lines. 2.8 Diversification Diversifying the current product range could help reduce NWPs overall business risk through offering products in different customer categories. NWP already have an established brand name under the name Zaras giving an advantage should the new product or target markets be unsuccessful NWPs other product lines are unlikely to be affected. Zaras would help in leveraging new products belonging to the same brand and help the company to spread their customer base while also helping the company develop its product portfolio through introduction of complimenting products in the market (Keller, Philip Kotler, Kevin Lane, 2009, p.28). NWP could introduce a diverse pricing strategy with lower quality, cheaper to produce products; however this would be going against the core values of the company which is not advisable. The huge risk with this strategy for NWP is there is often little scope for using existing expertise as it involves selling completely different products to a completely different market. This would make NWP vulnerable to a major reaction from competitors as they attempt to enter into other markets with products that could affect competition. Diversification strategy is similar to starting an entirely new business (Holden, Philip R., Wilde, Nick, 2007, p.75) also involving high risk and is not recommended for NWPs growth strategy at this time. 3. CONCLUSIONS Attempting to increase usage among current customers is less threatening to a competitor which avoids bigger competitor responses. The downside to using market penetration is that it limits market share growth to current markets offering slower growth potential as opposed to developing products in new markets. Using market development in similar segments the company can apply current expertise with ease to the new segment therefore reducing cost and risk. Domestic geographic expansion is an effective way to improve market share. Increasing use of online marketing makes a focus on expanding the services provided through current online ordering tools a useful avenue for growth in market share. An effective way of targeting non-users is through further advertising and media channels or offering samples of the products for first time users. NWP should consider the effect of increased market share on actual and perceived quality before pursuing increased market share too many customers can strain the firms resources, hurting product value and service delivery. Unless risk management is closely monitored product development and diversification could be ineffective strategies for NWP. Introduction of a diversified pricing strategy with lower quality, cheaper to produce products is an option for different markets and potential market growth; however this would be going against the core values of the company which is not advisable. Managing the risk involved in product development could put pressure on the companys resources. 4. RECOMMENDATIONS Inform current and valued clients of continuous delivery quality and services provided to build further customer satisfaction and maintain customer loyalty. Focus on developing products in new markets. Create/amend marketing budget to determine affordability of marketing techniques for tailored campaign targeting a younger/older generation specific to appeal to each target segment. Contact potential partners and retail outlets in the South Island and Australian markets for geographic market expansion. Create/amend marketing budget to determine affordability of marketing techniques for enhancements on NWP online ordering system with extra features and additional offers. Contact media channels such as womens health magazines and other media and advertising channels. Advertise offering samples of products either in-store or by online ordering in order to target non-users within the target market. Ensure NWPs increase in product sales will not impact firms resources through reallocation and reviewing of quality product and service delivery. Employ management to maintain specific target markets. Employ risk management specialist management and implement risk management plan to monitor changes in market and customer satisfaction. Focus existing expertise on market development and market penetration strategies.

Essay --

Out of the many experiments being conducted, I have the pleasure of introducing a layered density column to the class. Density is defined as mass divided by volume or the amount of stuff in a certain amount of space. Composed of many different household products (vegetable oil, rubbing alcohol, and even water), density columns present different layers through the masses of each liquid. These columns can contain as many products the experimenter desires. The liquids chosen that have a higher density tend to weigh more, unlike those that weigh less and float to the top if poured into the column. Along with the liquids chosen objects can be placed into the column, and then we would be able to see how each layer has an effect on the objects. For my lab experiment, I will be using 7 products throughout my demonstration. I could use as many products that I want, however 7 is a common amount to start with. Every product will be measured according to the amount that the cup can hold. To conduct my experiment, I will be pouring the products into 2 ounce cups and will construct the column th...

Feasibility of Telehealth Essay

Health is a vital aspect of life, which is why it is important to have an access to different health care services. The world’s population is rising radically every year; thus, the demand for quality health care services also increases. With the application of modern technology the health system has been able to accommodate this demand in many countries through the implementation of Telehealth. In Canada, accessibility and distribution of health care services is influenced by aspects like large landmass, population concentration and economy and (Sevean, et. al., 2008). The feasibility of Telehealth as an instrument for delivering health care services in Canada will be discussed in this paper, focusing on four key themes: service to rural areas, cost effectiveness, responsiveness and ease of access that will be tackled consecutively. The first paragraph after the introduction aims to give an overview on what and how Telehealth works in Canada. Central to the arguments presented in this paper is the pros of using Telehealth by means of telecommunication technologies as a substitute to the actual patient-to-health care provider interaction. Telehealth is defined by Health Canada (2000) as â€Å"the application of telecommunications and information technology to the delivery of health care and health-related services and information over large and small distances†. It is basically divided into two distinct parts: the technology being used and the persons (patient or health care provider) (Thede, 2001, para. 2). Telehealth according to Prinz, Cramer, and Englund uses four modes of telecommunication: voice-only or telephone, video images or exchange of information through digital pictures, and virtual contract or video conferencing (Background section, para. 4). Included in the Telehealth Ontario service is a contact number that you can Canadians can call 24 hours a day seven days a week. In consulting the health care provider through phone, once on the line, the health care provider, usually registered nurse, will asks the person on the other line to describe his or her health concern, the nurse will then evaluate the person’s condition and will help him or her to determine the best option available for him or her; whether to go see a doctor, admit himself or herself in an emergency room, the nurse can also advise self-care (Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-term Care, 2009). Telehealth has already been incorporated in almost every medical field like Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Cardiology, Radiology and Oncology providing accuracy and more services to people. Telehealth aims to elevate the serviceability of health system by providing access for people who has a health concern anytime of any day anywhere. Telehealth provides better health service for people living in the rural areas. Canada has a large landmass with bodies of water surrounding it. The population is not equally distributed, most Canadians live in urban areas, and some smaller communities are located at rural areas and the Aboriginals mostly live in small isolated areas. In the study they conducted in 2008, Sevean, Dampier, Spadoni, Strickland and, Pilatzke found out that Canadians who live in smaller isolated community do not have an access to a quality health care because even though Canada has an excellent health services most of these health services centered on the urban areas and that is a lso why most health care professionals favor working on urban areas resulting to a shortage of health care professionals in the rural areas. In addition, specific services might only be available to large hospitals that are mostly located on big cities, forcing people in isolated communities to travel miles by land, water or air to get the medical help they need. Most road conditions in the rural areas are undeveloped increasing their inconvenience. Also, weather condition is also a great consideration in accessing health care, air and sea travel is usually cancelled during storms most roads are also inaccessible when there is a strong downpour of snow. Unavailability of help during emergencies results in fatality especially in the northern Aboriginal communities (Sevean et. al, 2008). By improving the access of health care for rural access it also decreases the mortality rate. Telehealth is designed to reduce the cost associated with the delivery of health care without compromising on the quality. Treatments and medications can be costly depending on the type and intervals plus the extra inconvenience associated with it such as travelling costs, hospital accommodations, stress, and physical limitations (Sevean et al., 2008). Included in the patient’s bill in the hospital is the room accommodation, the longer they stay at the hospital the more they have to pay. Through Telehealth, patients who underwent surgeries or had suffered illnesses have the option to check-out early and continue the recovery in their own homes; thus, lessening the costs of their hospitalization. As mentioned earlier, people who live in small isolated communities have to travel kilometers to miles in order for them to meet with their health practitioner on the cities to get medical attention or follow-up from post-recovery, through telehealth they are able to save on transportation, gas mileage and other extra expenses like parking fee. Moreover, Saqui et al, (2011) argued that telehealth consultation decreases morbidity, prevent unnecessary suboptimal costly treatment, patient transfers and travelling cost when a change in the diagnosis and treatment plan occur (Discussion Section, para. 2) Through videoconferencing, Telehealth are able to give immediate diagnosis for a patient who needs urgent care (Saqui et al., 2011). A lot of effort is involve before a patient co uld meet with his or her doctor such as making an appointment, sorting his or her schedule and so on and so forth. By the time the person with health concern meets with his or her doctor the illness might already aggravated; consequently, the health care system through Telehealth provides a quicker and more efficient way on determining the type and seriousness of the patients and illness without leaving the comfort of their homes. By contacting Telehealth as soon as a person notices some irregularities in the person’s normal body functions that indicates that he may or may not be ill, enable that person who called to act immediately preventing the illness from advancing any further or on the other hand be reassured that there’s nothing to worry about. Furthermore, Telehealth also made the monitoring on recovering patients at their homes faster, the registered nurse in-charge of monitoring the patient can guide the patient in his recovery process through a streaming media. Any concerns that may arise in the recovery process can be solved a lot quicker, the patient can leave a message or phoned and the health care provider will respond to it as soon as possible stating the fact that Telehealth service is available 24 hours a day. Moscovice and Rosenblalt (2000) that the quality of health care cannot be measured by the morbidity and mortality rates, but by the ability of the health care provider to recognize and respond to their patient immediately. One thing that proves that Telehealth is feasible in improving the delivery of health-care is its acceptability. Although Telehealth is designed mostly to cater the health care needs of people living in the rural areas and isolated communities, according to Health Canada, Telehealth service has been extended to the impoverished, the socially disadvantaged, ‘the institutionalized’ and the urban and suburban households has been added recently. The Telehealth system is tailored to improve enhance the access of the clients and their families to the health system in regards to their location, gender, age and condition. Prinz et. al, identify age as a barrier that create health discrepancy because of the limited access to health care, ‘home bound status’ and issues on transportation which is why in older patients, a branch of Telehealth called Telemonitoring is being used to provide an immediate respond in case of emergency, to allow them to stay at their homes, to lessen the risk for accidents and ‘to delay the institutionalization ( Pruski and Knops, 2005). This branch of telehealth has been proven to improve the elder’s quality of life, making the task of the caregiver easier, and lessen the elder’s admission to the hospital. The high acceptability of Telehealth comes from its ability to provide maximum support not only for the patients but also for their families. The clients feel secured because they are in a familiar environment where their families could assist them. Moreover, Telehealth has been proven to lessen the stress involve in the health care process especially for the patients with disabilities because of the reduced waiting time, omitting the need for transportation. In 2005, 100 % of the respondents in the Pediatric Surgical Telehealth Clinics survey conducted by Miller and Levesque indicated that they are satisfied in the service of Telehealth and would recommend it to others (Sevean et. al, 2008). Conclusion The four key themes of Telehealth discussed above: service to rural areas, cost effectiveness, responsiveness, and ease of access and acceptability, and the description on how Telehealth works illustrate its feasibility in delivering the health care the clients need and the advantages of using Telehealth versus the traditional way of patient-to-health care practitioners. Telehealth provides better health care services in the rural areas and isolated communities, it also lessen the cost of access to health care by decreasing the need to travel and other expenses, in addition Telehealth also provides an immediate feedback to the client or patient that is important during emergency, therefore decreases mortality and morbidity rate and lastly, it is designed for various ages, gender, disease to provide an ease of access and acceptability. Telehealth In conclusion is a more efficient way of delivering care to people through the use of various modern technologies; its feasibility has been proven. The health of future and current generations depends on the availability and efficient delivery of health care. References Office of Health and the Information Highway, Health Canada. (March 2000). Evaluating Telehealth ‘Solutions’ A Review and Synthesis of the Telehealth Evaluation Literature. Retrieved from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/pubs/ehealth-esante/2000-tele- eval/index-eng.php Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-term Care. (2009). Telehealth Program.-Ministry Program-Public Information. Retrieved from: http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/public/programs/telehealth/ Prinz, L., Cramer, M., Englund, A. (July-August 2008). Telehealth: A policy analysis for quality, impact on patient outcomes, and political feasibility. Nursing Outlook. 56(4), 152-158. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029655408000456 Saqui O, Chang A, McGonigle S, Purdy B, Fairholm L, Baun M, Yeung M, Rossos P, Allard J. (2007). Telehealth videoconferencing: Improving home parental nutrition parent care to rural areas of Ontario, Canada. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 31(3), 234-239. Retrieved from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17463150 Sevean P, Dampier S, Spadoni M, Strickland S, Pilatzke S. (2009). Patients and families experiences with video telehealth in rural/remote communities in Northern Canada. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18(1), 2573-2579. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19694885 Thede, Linda Q. (2001). â€Å"Overview and Summary: Telehealth: Promise Or Peril?†. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. 6(30). Retrieved from: www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Volume62001/No3Sept01/TelehealthOverview.aspx Vincent, C., Reinharz, D., Deaudelin, I., Garcieau, M. (2005).Why some Health Care Professionals Adopt Telemonitoring and Others Not?. In Pruski, A. & Knops, H (Eds.). Assistive Technology: From Virtuality to Reality. Amsterdam, Netherlands: IOS Press

John Cheever and His Seemingly Average Americans Essay Example

John Cheever and His Seemingly Average Americans Essay Example John Cheever and His Seemingly Average Americans Essay John Cheever and His Seemingly Average Americans Essay Average Americans Since 1935 middle class Americans have been able to sit in their suburban home or their urban apartment, open up a copy of the New Yorker, and read about themselves. Not literally, but rather a perfect reflection of themselves, or their next door neighbor, or their friend down the street. Of John Achievers nearly two hundred short stories, one hundred and twenty one were published in the New Yorker. He wrote primarily about the seemingly average American He takes that stereotype and creates narratives that delve so deeply into he psyches of each of his characters that their ordinary lives become immediately enthralling. He draws universal connections that make his stories instantly relate- able no matter the setting. Achievers work is generally sorted into four categories based on their location and while he manages to paint distinct pictures of the types of people in each environment we see an overarching theme throughout his writing the theme of the duality of man. Each story presents us with a main character, usually an upper-middle class American, battling between the facade they have rated for the outside world and their innermost thoughts and desires a feeling we have all dealt with at one time or another. These characters typically live tranquil lives that become momentarily uprooted which sends each into a state of turmoil, and though we can usually rely on Achiever to return them to normalcy, there is the occasional exception. Each character is treated with such care that even at their times of normalcy we find each one somehow captivating. Achiever creates a dialogue among his vast audience and bridges the gap of social differences by offering moon human conditions manifested within his characters. At the time of Achievers greatest success as a writer suburbia was still a fairly new addition to the American scenery, albeit a significant one, with the majority of Americans leaving the cities for the picturesque notion of quiet suburban living. This is the setting for some of Achievers most successful stories most notably The Housebreaker of Shady Hill and The Country Husband. Achiever has been widely referred to as the chronicler of suburban life, and though his entire body of work does not focus on suburbia, a large oration, and most certainly some of his best does. On this Achiever has said Theres been too much criticism of the middle-class way of life. Life can be as good and rich there as anyplace else. I am not out to be a social critic, however, nor a defender of suburbia. It goes without saying that the people in my stories and the things that happen to them could take place anywhere.. Many of Achievers stories are set in suburbia because it is a setting that lends itself perfectly to the concept of a characters internal struggle vs.. Their external appearance, but we also see this theme manifested elsewhere in other stories such as The Enormous Radio which takes place in a New York apartment building. In The Housebreaker of Shady Hill we meet Johnny Hake. Right away we are given every detail of his life age, height, weight, where he was born, where he grew up, where he was confirmed, etc. Simply put Johnny Hake is your average middle-aged suburban American male, that is until he becomes tired of his work environment and leaves his Job. Johnny rents a cubicle and tries to make a living for himself, but he soon finds that he can not support his family on the amount of money he is able to make. He finds himself desperate when it came time to borrow money he had nowhere to turn.. Having been taught by his mother never to speak about money, he could not bring himself to burden his wife with their financial difficulties. One night Johnny and his wife attend a dinner party at their friends, the Warburton, house. It is there that he learns about the large amount of cash the Carl Warburton tends to carry. That night he feels the desire for money as a premonition of death and explains he had never longed for anyone the way he yearned that night for money. He sneaks away in the middle of the night and enters he Warburton house stealing Carla wallet and returning home. As soon as he is safe in his own house, the weight of what he has Just done bares down on him. Oh, I never knew that a man could be so miserable and that the mind could open up so many chambers and fill them with self-reproach. His misery is unrelenting he makes note of every tiny theft he witnesses or reads about and his eyes twitch when he hears the word steal. He begins to see everyone around him as a thief and searches for someone he can blame. He begins acting unlike himself he is distracted in church and yells at his wife and children. At one point he even describes the types of people he hates and is pained to realize that he is one of them. Despite all of this, it does not stop him from choosing his next victims. However, on his way to steal from the Pewters it begins to rain, and it is this, of all things, that finally sobers him. It is as if is mind had been washed clear. There were ways out of my trouble if I cared to make use of them. I was not trapped. I was here on earth because I chose to be. And it was no skin off my elbow how I had been given the gifts of life so long as I possessed them, and I possessed them then. He the goes home and goes back to sleep. The next day he gets a call asking him to come back to work and that night he goes back to the Warburton and leaves the 900 he had taken. Johnny Hake returns to his normal life, his brief brush with his malevolent destiny soon to be no more than a nightmare. The Country Husband offers us a look inside the life of Francis Weed. At the beginning of the story Francis is on a plane traveling home. Soon there are technical difficulties and after a moment of terror and the mental image of the spreading wings of the Angel of Death the plane needs to make an emergency landing. All Francis wants is to share his experience with his family, but the house is in a state of chaos, and though he tries to tell his tale the children are fighting and his wife is too preoccupied to listen. At this point in the story we can understand Francis strife through the observations he makes of his life around him. Such as the outpouring of tearful petulance, lonesomeness, and self-pity he hears when listening to the neighbors piano playing or how the energetic golden retriever Jupiter is an anomaly and how his high spirits were out of place in Shady Hill.. Soon we see Francis spirits aka a turn for the better when he becomes suddenly infatuated with the beautiful, young, babysitter, Anne Morison. When these new passionate feelings take a hold of him he begins to see life in a new way, observing the beauty around him instead of the drabness. Birds were congressionally and the last of the robins. The sky shone like enamel. Even the smell of ink from his morning paper honed his appetite for life, and the world that was spread out around him was plainly a paradise. Francis, elated, buys his new love a bracelet and he even ends up kissing her, but problems arise when he meets the man that she is engaged to. After a heated argument with his wife, Francis finds himself in a hopeless state. He resolves himself to go see a psychiatrist and his life is returned to normalcy. The story ends on an anticlimactic note with a scene of a typical night in Shady Hill, everything is exactly as it should be. In this way Francis weeds exemplifies the typical Achiever character He is an ordinary middle-class suburban husband and father who experiences a sudden and fierce turn in his emotional state. Instead of changing his life for good he is instead trampled by his social restraints and returns to his average life, his momentary suasion replaced by apathy. Though not set in Shady Hill as the other stories are, The Enormous Radio fits perfectly into the pattern that John Achievers suburban tales follow. This story is instead set in an apartment building and creates the image of dozens of nearly identical rooms and families within, lending a similar feel to the suburbia of the other narrations. Our main characters in this story are Jim and Irene Westport who differed from their friends, their classmates, and their neighbors only in an interest they shared in serious music. Unfortunately, their radio breaks and Jim f forced to buy a new one. However, this new radio is revealed to not play music, but instead the sounds and conversations from the other apartments in the building. Soon listening to the private lives of her neighbors becomes an obsession for Irene. She begins listening to the radio every opportunity she gets, she can not reign in her curiosity and she begins to see her neighbors differently, wondering every time she sees someone who it was who said what. This begins to take a toll on her, she becomes upset over the things she hears but she still can not stop listening, she soon tarts to question her own happiness which before she had taken as absolute truth. She turns to her husband for reassurance Life is too terrible, too sordid and awful. But weve never been like that, have we, darling Have we I mean, weve always been good and decent and loving to one another, havent we And we have two children, two beautiful children. Our lives arent sordid, are they, darling Are they She flung her arms around his neck and drew his face down to hers. Were happy, arent we, darling We are happy, arent we. As desperately as she tries to confirm their perfect allegations the illusion is shattered when, towards the end of the story, Jim begins yelling at her, laying out all of her past wrongdoings. The story ends with Irene listening to the radio and hearing only the days news. The radio caused the upheaval of the average life of the Westport and exposed them to the evil of the world around them, an evil that they were before ignorant of and now they realize resides within their own family. These stories perfectly reflect Achievers tendency to portray characters in conflict with their inner desires and the reality of their external world.

These Wildfires Set the Country on Fire

These Wildfires Set the Country on Fire Recent fires that weve seen in the news are considered some of the worst America has had in many years. But just how do these fires compare in size to others in U.S. history? What were some of the other largest fires in U.S. history? 10. Wallow Fire. Named for the Bear Wallow Wilderness Area where the fire originated, the Wallow Fire burned 538,049 acres in Arizona and New Mexico in 2011. It was caused by an abandoned campfire. The Wallow fire caused the evacuation of more than 6,000 people as well as the destruction of 32 homes, four commercial buildings and 36 outbuildings.  The estimated cost of damages was $109 million. 9.  Murphy Complex Fire. This fire was actually a combination of six  wildfires  that merged together to create one  huge blaze. The Murphy Complex Fire hit Idaho and Nevada in 2007, burning roughly 653,100 acres. 8.  Yellowstone Fires. When most people think about wildfire, they think about the destructive Yellowstone Fires of 1988 that burned 793,880 acres in Montana and Wyoming. Similar to the Murphy Complex Fire, the Yellowstone Fire began as many small fires that merged into one large conflagration. Due to the fire, Yellowstone National Park was closed to all non-emergency personnel for the first time in the parks history. 7. Silverton Fire. Burning 1 million acres in 1865, the Silverton Fire remains the worst recorded fire in Oregon states history. 6. Peshtigo Fire. You have probably heard of the Great Chicago Fire that took place on October 8, 1871. But you may not have realized that there were other, far more destructive blazes that happened on the very same day. One of these was the Peshtigo Fire that burned 1.2 million acres in Wisconsin and killed over 1,700 people. This fire still carries the dubious distinction of being the cause of the most human deaths by fire in U.S. history.   5. Taylor Complex Fire. The year 2004 was a devastating year for Alaska in terms of wildfires. The 1.3 million acres burned in the Taylor Complex Fire were just a small portion of the 6.6 million acres burned elsewhere in the state.   4. California Summer Fires of 2008. So much of California was burning in 2008 that all of the fires were merged together to include more than 1.5 million acres of burned California land. In all, there were 4,108 fires that burned in California during the summer of 2008. Nearly 100 of these fires burned more than 1,000 and many burned tens or even hundreds of thousands of acres.   3. Great Michigan Fire. Like the Peshtigo Fire, the Great Michigan Fire was overshadowed by the Great Chicago Fire that blazed on the same day. The Great Michigan Fire burned 2.5 million acres in Michigan, destroying thousands of homes and businesses in its path. 2. and 1. The Great Fire of 1910 and the Miramichi Fire of 1825.  These two fires tie for being the largest wildland fires in U.S. history. The Great Fire of 1910 included 78 wildfires that burned 3 million acres in Idaho, Montana, and Washington, killing 86 people. The Miramichi Fire burned 3 million acres in Maine and New Brunswick, killing 160 people.

Discuss the practical steps a university may take to help its students Essay - 1

Discuss the practical steps a university may take to help its students be as competitive as possible when they enter the labour market - Essay Example (Farazmand and Pinkowski 2007, p. 183) In this regard, this paper will outline important steps that the universities and colleges could undertake in order for its students to be competitive in the labor market. These steps would be cited in the context of two important roles that the school is thought to play. The university, wrote Achuthan (1993), in its functionalist role, is seen as one of the final steps in the educational system, completing the long preparation of the student for his or her role in society. (Achuthan p. 27) The tertiary educational institution, hence, must ensure that their students have been immersed and ingested the basic stock of knowledge that represents the core values of its culture. Here, it is emphasized that the student is not just educated but that he or she would leave the school armed with specific employment-oriented skills and knowledge. Education institutions can do this by coordinating with the government and the private sector. Such initiative could provide the school with the knowledge and tools in order integrate in its curriculum those skill and knowledge areas that are demanded by industries today. This is demonstrated, for instance, in the way the Singaporean education system works. The fundamental characteristic of the Singaporean system is the involvement of the government in the creation of curricula in the universities. This is shown in the existence of the state agency called Economic Development Board (EDB), which is concerned with the general responsibility of ensuring the inward investment in the country. Part of its mandate is to assure the human resource requirements for new industries to be created by the foreign capital. EDB ensures that education and training system is capable of producing the right type of skills required for the new industries, as part of the greater strategy to lure

Conflict Management Theory and The Role of Manager Assignment

Conflict Management Theory and The Role of Manager - Assignment Example When people work in teams clashes of opinions are likely to occur and every manager has to deal with the conflicts in a positive way. A qualified manager can intellectually appreciate that conflicts are the necessary ingredient of a free - enterprise system( Abraham, 1965). He also should take appropriate steps to resolve the conflicts and draw meaningful implications from them. The following essay attempts to explore the role played by the manager as a leader and a mediator in resolving conflicts. The major sources of conflict in an organization are personal differences, informational deficiencies, role incompatibility and environmental stress(David and Kim, 2005). According to him, personal differences are a common source of conflicts as individuals come together to play certain defined roles in an organization. The people who form the team for the completion of a specific task come from various cultures, family traditions and extent of socialization, etc. Hence, it is very common that conflicts will arise when they work together to achieve a common objective. They differ in their perceptions about the challenges ahead of them and they also differ in their expectations about the outcomes from specified situations. When there is a mismatch between the perceptions and expectations, the situation can take a personal overtone which may be the major source of organizational conflicts. Secondly, informational deficiencies can also be a major source of conflict. There may be lapses in the information flow between various functional units or individuals. These lapses may be due to technological disabilities or psychological barriers. Technological barriers can be caused by dysfunction of technical equipment used for communication and psychological barriers can be caused by various factors such as lack of knowledge and understanding, presumptions of the person receiving the message. Next, role incompatibility is another major source of conflict. Most often this factor causes more conflicts because when it is combined with the above two factors, it causes more deep conflicts. When the team members operate with different types of people, systems, processes, and procedures and report to various team leaders, the overlapping of the roles played by the personnel can cause conflict. Lastly, environmentally induced stress caused by a change in economic conditions. Family relationships, changes in the organization, etc can be major triggers for conflicts. Especially during the times of economic slowdown as in recent times, it is very stressful for the employees. Stress due to insecurity due to change in environmental conditions can cause deep mistrust on each other and can cause teamwork more difficult. When the employees are subject to uncertainty about their job status it can cause frustration and conflicts are more certain to occur. When these types of factors influence the behavior of employees, it is the duty of the manager to take up the role of mediator and facilitator to establish smooth working relationships and achieve organizational objectives.

Personal Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal Finance - Assignment Example For example, if demand for properties has gone up lately, hence mortgage rates will increase then. With the fixed rate deal, she could avoid such a risk. However, if she plans to repay the borrowed money faster than 2 years, which means short term financing; hence other financing opportunities may involve lower costs. Such as taking bank overdrafts (i.e. 5.90% at Alliance & Leicester Premier Direct1) or trade credits; trade credits is an available option if she borrows between 30 to 90 days and it's profitable for Jane since it does not include any interest charges. However, she must have a good credit record. Additionally, since the globalisation, deregulation of financial markets as well as technological advancements, customers around the world have now easier access to obtain finance around the world; which offers Jane an opportunity to choose the lowest rate possible. A good credit history enables Jane to reach a larger amount of financing opportunities. As illustrated above, trade credit does not involve any interest rates; however the customer should keep a good credit record. To ensure a good credit history, Jane should control her payments; such as ensuring that debts are paid by their due date, etc. Jane should gain information of the level of control of the lender. ... Both Annie and Gareth acquire a 10,000 lump sum. If they each put the 10,000 into a savings account paying 6% AER gross for one year, how much net interest would each of them receive after one year (50 words)) 6% of Pound Sterling 10,000= Pound Sterling 600 Tax is 20% on interest payable So, Pound Sterling 600-20%(Pound Sterling 120) = Pound Sterling 480 Hence, the net interest rate is 4.8%. If the inflation rate had been 3.5% over the year, what would be the real value of both Annie's and Gareth's total savings after one year (60 words) Real value equals to nominal interest rates minus inflation rate: 4.8% - 3.5= 1.3% 10,000+1.3%= 10,130 10,130 x 2= 20,260 (both Annie and Gareth) Annie is considering using her 10,000 to purchase shares in a large blue-chip company instead, with the idea that she would sell the shares after one year in order to purchase a car. Briefly outline the key factors that Annie should think about before making such an equity based investment. She should research about the company first. The risk involved of investing there, such as examining the company's financial performance, such as its balance sheet, cash flow, revenue statement, etc. How long the company has been established, is there any negative publicity, etc. These points assist Jane to avoid the risk of loosing her funds. She should also identify other opportunities, such as other companies which would be more profitable to invest in, such as established companies; i.e. Apple, Sony, etc. Additionally, she could also use her 10,000 to establish her own little business or join a partnership, etc; depending which one is more profitable and involves less risk. Moreover, she should also consider the flexibility of the company. Some companies require investors